Copy contents of a directory to a new path
- sudo cp -a /path/to/dir/. /path/to/new_dir
Remove directory and all its contents
- sudo rm -R /path/to/dir
Apache commands
- sudo service apache2 restart
- sudo service apache2 reload
- sudo service apache2 stop
- sudo service apache2 start
Assign ownership and change permissions
- sudo chown -R user_name:group_name /path/tp/dir
- sudo chmod -R 775 /path/to/dir
Permissions are set by three numbers using the chmod command. The three numbers correspond to: Owner, Group, and Others.
Every file and folder contain a 8-bit data that control the permissions. At its basic binary form, it will be “000”, which means no permissions of any form is granted. When you set a “Read” permission, it will add 4-bit to the data, making it “100” (in binary format) or a “4” in the usual decimal format. Setting a “Write” permission will add 2-bit to the data, making it “010” and “2” in decimal form. Lastly, setting an “Execute” permission adds 1-bit to the data, which will result in “001”, or “1” in decimal form. In short:
- Read is equivalent to 4
- Write is equivalent to 2
- Execute is equivalent to 1
When we want to set permissions, we just add up the number. For example, to set the permissions to read and write, we will use 6 (4 + 2) for the permission. For read, write and execute, we will use 7 (4 + 2 + 1) for the permission. Here’s the different permutation:
- 0 – no permission
- 1 – execute
- 2 – write
- 3 – write and execute
- 4 – read
- 5 – read and execute
- 6 – read and write
- 7 – read, write, and execute
Assign permissions to all files or folders in a directory
To assign permissions to all folders in a directory:
- sudo find path/to/directory -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
To assign permissions to all files in a directory:
- sudo find path/to/directory -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
Leave a Reply